Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be described as saucer-shaped vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm. Exosomes, containing lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, mediate membrane transport and communication between cells in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. Exosomes are secreted by many cells and can be found in a wide range of body fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk and saliva, as well as in the supernatants of cultured cells.
Exosomes consist of a lipid bilayer, proteins and nucleic acid cells. acids. A variety of proteins have been found in exosomes, depending on the cells that release them, including vesicle formation proteins, membrane fusion-associated proteins such as Rab GTPases, flotillins and connexins, and integral membrane proteins such as tetraspanins. different physiological or pathophysiological conditions, cell type and tissue of origin, secretion of exosomes can be spontaneous or induced, and exosomes can contain different molecular compositions and cargo.
Exosomes are involved in many physiological processes. Research has shown that they play an important role in gene expression and cell signaling. The effects of exosomes on immunity include T cell activation, T cell polarization into regulatory T cells, immune suppression, anti-inflammatory and other actions.
The skin is the largest multifunctional organ in the body and provides a barrier between the body and the environment to protect against attack by foreign organisms or toxic substances. As an interface, the skin is also colonized by various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses.
The skin consists of three layers: the first is the epidermis, which is mainly composed of keratinocytes and dendritic cells; secondly, the dermis, rich in blood vessels, nerve endings and connective tissue; thirdly, subcutaneous tissue, which mainly consists of fat cells separated by fibrous septa.
Skin dysfunction can lead to a number of diseases. Patients with skin conditions not only face a decreased quality of life, but are also often self-conscious about the appearance of their skin, which can cause enormous psychological burden. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
Exosomes and psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disease that affects patients internally, externally, and psychosocially in different ways. It is characterized by raised, well-circumscribed erythematous papules with adjacent shiny scales.
Psoriatic arthritis is associated with a progressive course. joint damage, and patients have a significant burden of physical impairment. Langerhans cells (LCs) in patients with psoriasis show impaired migration and play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Numerous data support the notion that T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
How do they work?
Stem cell-derived exosomes are derived from pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose stem cells. Stem cell-derived exosomes are morphologically and structurally similar to other cell-derived exosomes, and their differences lie in their surface proteins and the information conveyed within the membrane. Stem cell exosomes have unique abilities for cell proliferation, regeneration, and wound healing.
One such example is the change in extracellular matrix composition and proliferation of fibroblasts. Thus, due to these properties, stem cell-derived exosomes can play a vital role in skin rejuvenation, skin microenvironment and wound healing during the healing of acne, psoriasis, dermatitis. Since wound healing involves inflammation, hyperplasia and remodeling, inflammation is regulated by macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype. It has been observed that exosomes secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells can reduce the number of neutrophils and in turn reduce the macrophage population during the inflammatory response.
Another study showed that exosomes influence various wound healing pathways such as Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathway, Erk1/2 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and Notch signaling pathway. Similarly, stem cell-derived exosomes play a vital role in scar-free healing. The presence of thin reticular collagen, less inflammation at the repair site, fewer myofibroblasts and less cross-linking determine scar-free skin healing.
Results of exosomes treatment of psoriasis
This result (shown as an example) is not yet final, because the process of restoration of the cellular matrix takes longer. But the primary results of the early period are the healing of psoriatic plaques, a fairly fast and effective method in comparison with other treatment options.
Research has shown that exosomes derived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells can regulate cell expression, thereby promoting full area restoration without signs of damage. Exosomes have been found to play a therapeutic role in wound healing, skin flap reconstruction, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic scleroderma, scar removal, facial rejuvenation, pigmentation regulation, vitiligo and hair growth.
Exosomes have enormous potential to revolutionize the dermatology industry and provide more effective skin care products. The unique properties of exosomes, such as their ability to penetrate the skin, high concentration of bioactive molecules, and their ability to interact with and modulate skin cells, make them desirable
Exosomes are a revolution in the dermatology industry.